5.0 AGREEING
5.1 Expressing complete agreement
Listen to the extracts and repeat the words used to show full agreement just as you hear them.
05 We say one thing and mean another?
Exactly.
16 You mean, you can’t fool all the people all of the time?
Exactly.
21 You mean it’s possible to ignore the Green Party, but you can’t ignore their policies when a general consensus of people come to support them?
Exactly.
17 Once the level of benefit is higher than their take-home pay, why should they do a job?
Precisely, but the answer isn’t to remove benefits from those who really need them.
5.2 Expressing conditional agreement
Listen to the extracts and repeat the words used to show conditional agreement. Each extract is repeated twice.
18 I’d agree with you if the purpose of hell was to rehabilitate people back into heaven, but hell is usually associated with torture and damnation.
22 I’d certainly agree if you’re thinking of the World Cup.
6. DISAGREEING
6.1 Expressing complete disagreement
Listen to the extracts and repeat the words used to show strong disagreement. Each extract is repeated twice.
09 In my opinion, fashion is a complete waste of time, money and resources.
I disagree entirely. The world would be a boring place without change.
03 In my view, government money shouldn’t be used to support the Arts.
I’m afraid I can’t agree. Public support for the Arts is the hallmark of a civilized society.
20 Surely, the technology for all this isn’t going to be very user-friendly.
On the contrary. There’ll be different levels of user-friendliness for different users.
15 .... it’s impossible to generalize about why people prefer married to single status.
Rubbish! It must be possible to compare living together with someone to living on your own. What about the question of independence?
6.2 Using irony to express disagreement
Listen to the extracts and repeat the exclamations and questions used for ironic effect. Each extract is repeated twice.
06 Besides, the production lines are often highly mechanized.
Come off it! Agriculture in the Third World is still fairly labour intensive.
26 Spend more time in Rwanda and you’ll understand what I mean.
Come on! The films we see on TV don’t go that far. At least there’s some censorship.
02 Besides, it’s such a cruel way to kill them.
Do you really think so? Once the first dog had caught up with the fox, death is fairly instant.
6.3 Dismissing an argument as irrelevant or improbable.
Listen to the extracts and repeat the phrases used to dismiss or reject arguments. Each extract is repeated twice.
23 I bet you can get traditional Spanish wines and beers!
That isn’t the point. I’m talking about soft drinks.
03 That’s highly debatable. Some of the exhibits you see from contemporary artists are no more than tins of baked beans and piles of bricks.
26 That’s highly unlikely. Everybody understands that films and plays contain drama and that the purpose of the news is to report on what’s wrong.
6.4 Disagreeing diplomatically (through doubt)
Listen to the extracts and repeat the phrases used to cast doubt on arguments. Each extract is repeated twice.
28 The elderly are often confused by modern telephones and automatic switchboards.
I wonder whether that’s the case. Isn’t it rather that they enjoy getting out and about instead of sitting next to a telephone?
28 What I’m saying is that older people have been there before. They’ve had the problems and found the solutions.
I’m not sure that it works like that. You see today’s young live in a different age.
23 If the songs are any good, then surely they’ll survive.
I’m not so sure about that.
Why not?
(Because traditions are now under attack from mass production and mass marketing.)
13 Well, I’m not sure whether you can really separate language from culture
6.5 Disagreeing in part ( appeal to logic )
Listen to the extracts and repeat the phrases used to question the logic or truth of an argument. Each extract is repeated twice.
24 But surely, the canal system is much too slow for industry today.
Not necessarily
24 By the time you’ve loaded the goods onto a truck, you might as well do the whole journey by road.
That doesn’t necessarily follow. A lot of trade is with Europe and before the Channel Tunnel there was a good container industry.
09 ... the advertiser may pay, but the costs are passed onto the consumer.
That isn’t strictly true. If a company can sell in bulk, prices can be brought down.
Rabu, 06 Oktober 2010
Giving Opinion (2)
4.1 Expressing a strong opinion
Listen to each extract and write down the phrase used to express an opinion. Each extract is repeated twice.
09 In my opinion, fashion is a complete waste of time, money and resources.
13 In my opinion, there’s only one choice - English!
03 In my view, government money shouldn’t be used to support the Arts.
04 In my reckoning, if we could lock up juvenile criminals, they’d learn that they couldn’t get away with it.
19 I strongly believe in preventing problems before they happen. In much the same way as the Japanese prepare for earthquakes, countries with dry climates could have water catchment systems and reservoirs to defend against water shortage.
06 I definitely think that countries should be self-sufficient in food and basic necessities.
15 Don’t you think it’s better to stay single?
Well, if you ask me, it all depends on your circumstances.
18 Well, I think everybody should have the right to join a trade union.
4.2 Expressing a strong value ( It’s / They’re + value adjective)
Listen to each extract and write down the phrases used to express a strong value or feeling. Each extract is repeated twice.
07 It’s a nonsense to keep everybody at the same level regardless of their progress.
17 ... their employers don’t pay them a living wage. It’s a scandal, because many pizza parlours, pubs and burger bars are really being subsidized by the Government.
25 It’s perfect for short-outings - boat trips around the islands and visits to show-piece villages such as Sigtuna.
27 It’s wrong to leave hospital patients without doctors and nurses. Likewise, strikes among teachers can severely disrupt the education of our children.
24 They’re ideal for people who really want to relax and live life at a slower pace.
4.3 Expressing certainty
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to express certainty or which add authority to the truth.. Each extract is repeated twice.
11 According to government statistics, waiting lists are coming down.
13 Actually, Esperanto is closer to European languages than any others.
10 In fact, we have some of the top chefs in the world, but only people with a lot of money experience British cooking at its best.
07 Clearly, a coeducational environment promotes understanding between boys and girls. It’s far more natural.
05 So in what ways are they superior? .. Well, obviously in size. Everything’s bigger.
09 People have always liked dressing up.
16 People just won’t continue to accept editorial lines... which don’t match up with their experience.
26 Without doubt, television has a lot to answer for.
16 There’s no doubt that these large monopolies have a great deal of power. If we let them finance important developments such as digital television, you can be sure that they’ll market technical devices which can only receive their own TV broadcasts.
19 Well, there’s no doubt that a proper understanding of their problems is needed before we can go much further. Surely, there are immediate things like food aid to countries hit by drought or famine
12 Surely, most of these resorts would have bus services.
15 Surely, there’s more to marriage than having children.
4.4 Expressing high probability
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to show that something is highly probable or someone is almost certain of what they are saying. Each extract is repeated twice.
06 I expect that Japan could adapt. It has a highly skilled workforce and a good technological base.
24 I believe you’ve been working on a transport policy for Britain.
04 I doubt whether they could act as an effective deterrent while the detection rate is so low.
13 I doubt that many other languages can match the size of the English dictionary.
16 I doubt that this would ever happen. The BBC prides itself on its independence...
07 I’d’ve thought they’d be very useful for children without brothers and sisters.
28 I’d’ve thought that was obvious. They’ve lived through personal and family relationships. They’re often experts on matters of health ranging from minor ailments to major operations.
21 There now seems to be a general acceptance that Britain is a multi-racial society.
4.5 Expressing fair probability
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to express assumptions and guesses. Each extract is repeated twice.
15 I guess that many single people have different priorities or else they believe that they’d make unsuitable parents.
01 I suppose it’s all part of your total environment. Scientists don’t understand everything, but they often observe links between certain phenomena.
12 I suppose that if they own these homes, they must be in nice locations.
28 I don’t suppose their grandparents will know what the search commands are.
10 I think it’s probably possible to generalize about what is eaten at main meal-times.
17 There’s probably a good argument for raising income support.
05 They’re probably warmer and more friendly, but they’re very loud and extrovert to go with it.
26 I’m beginning to think it would be a good thing if we were shown genocide... if war correspondents showed us what they meant by collateral damage....
Listen to each extract and write down the phrase used to express an opinion. Each extract is repeated twice.
09 In my opinion, fashion is a complete waste of time, money and resources.
13 In my opinion, there’s only one choice - English!
03 In my view, government money shouldn’t be used to support the Arts.
04 In my reckoning, if we could lock up juvenile criminals, they’d learn that they couldn’t get away with it.
19 I strongly believe in preventing problems before they happen. In much the same way as the Japanese prepare for earthquakes, countries with dry climates could have water catchment systems and reservoirs to defend against water shortage.
06 I definitely think that countries should be self-sufficient in food and basic necessities.
15 Don’t you think it’s better to stay single?
Well, if you ask me, it all depends on your circumstances.
18 Well, I think everybody should have the right to join a trade union.
4.2 Expressing a strong value ( It’s / They’re + value adjective)
Listen to each extract and write down the phrases used to express a strong value or feeling. Each extract is repeated twice.
07 It’s a nonsense to keep everybody at the same level regardless of their progress.
17 ... their employers don’t pay them a living wage. It’s a scandal, because many pizza parlours, pubs and burger bars are really being subsidized by the Government.
25 It’s perfect for short-outings - boat trips around the islands and visits to show-piece villages such as Sigtuna.
27 It’s wrong to leave hospital patients without doctors and nurses. Likewise, strikes among teachers can severely disrupt the education of our children.
24 They’re ideal for people who really want to relax and live life at a slower pace.
4.3 Expressing certainty
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to express certainty or which add authority to the truth.. Each extract is repeated twice.
11 According to government statistics, waiting lists are coming down.
13 Actually, Esperanto is closer to European languages than any others.
10 In fact, we have some of the top chefs in the world, but only people with a lot of money experience British cooking at its best.
07 Clearly, a coeducational environment promotes understanding between boys and girls. It’s far more natural.
05 So in what ways are they superior? .. Well, obviously in size. Everything’s bigger.
09 People have always liked dressing up.
16 People just won’t continue to accept editorial lines... which don’t match up with their experience.
26 Without doubt, television has a lot to answer for.
16 There’s no doubt that these large monopolies have a great deal of power. If we let them finance important developments such as digital television, you can be sure that they’ll market technical devices which can only receive their own TV broadcasts.
19 Well, there’s no doubt that a proper understanding of their problems is needed before we can go much further. Surely, there are immediate things like food aid to countries hit by drought or famine
12 Surely, most of these resorts would have bus services.
15 Surely, there’s more to marriage than having children.
4.4 Expressing high probability
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to show that something is highly probable or someone is almost certain of what they are saying. Each extract is repeated twice.
06 I expect that Japan could adapt. It has a highly skilled workforce and a good technological base.
24 I believe you’ve been working on a transport policy for Britain.
04 I doubt whether they could act as an effective deterrent while the detection rate is so low.
13 I doubt that many other languages can match the size of the English dictionary.
16 I doubt that this would ever happen. The BBC prides itself on its independence...
07 I’d’ve thought they’d be very useful for children without brothers and sisters.
28 I’d’ve thought that was obvious. They’ve lived through personal and family relationships. They’re often experts on matters of health ranging from minor ailments to major operations.
21 There now seems to be a general acceptance that Britain is a multi-racial society.
4.5 Expressing fair probability
Listen to each extract and write down the words used to express assumptions and guesses. Each extract is repeated twice.
15 I guess that many single people have different priorities or else they believe that they’d make unsuitable parents.
01 I suppose it’s all part of your total environment. Scientists don’t understand everything, but they often observe links between certain phenomena.
12 I suppose that if they own these homes, they must be in nice locations.
28 I don’t suppose their grandparents will know what the search commands are.
10 I think it’s probably possible to generalize about what is eaten at main meal-times.
17 There’s probably a good argument for raising income support.
05 They’re probably warmer and more friendly, but they’re very loud and extrovert to go with it.
26 I’m beginning to think it would be a good thing if we were shown genocide... if war correspondents showed us what they meant by collateral damage....
Giving Opinion (1)
John Stuart Mill was a member of British Parliament between 1865 and 1868. He is perhaps most famous for his controversial essay titled ‘On Liberty’, in which he says...
“If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind”.
For those of you who don’t speak ‘politician’, (which is another language entirely, made up of 10% English, 40% media-friendly doublespeak, and 50% waffle), here’s the translation:
“You can have an opinion if you want one”.
And that’s where the problem begins. Because people are basically... well... people, the fact that it is within my rights to have an opinion means that I’m jolly well going to have one whether I do have one (an opinion) or not.
So, in a world of people firing out opinions left, right and centre, how do I go about getting mine heard? And here, once again, is a list of useful sentence starters that will immediately convey your attitude, get others to listen, and prepare them for what comes next...
Giving your Opinion
- In my opinion / view...
- Generally speaking, I think...
- Personally, I haven’t the faintest idea about / whether... (starting with this expression may be interpreted as off-hand and could suggest that you have nothing else to say!)
- To my mind...
- I’d just like to say...
- As far as I’m concerned...
- I’m quite convinced that...(only use this expression to express a very strong opinion!)
- To be quite honest / frank...
- If you ask me...
Finally, I’d just like to say that the negative of ‘I think he does...’ sounds more natural as ‘I don’t think he does...’ rather than ‘I think he doesn’t...’ The latter is not necessarily wrong, it just sounds less natural, in my opinion.
http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/giving-your-opinion
Jumat, 19 Maret 2010
Sentence : a Larger Phrase
S = NP + VP
There is no construction like usual phrase with head, specifier and complement.
I take the umbrella
NP VP
But?
I will take the umbrella
S = NP + Inflection (Infl) + VP
Inflection : tense marker or auxiliary verb
A scientist discovered the answer
NP: A scientist, Inf: past, and VP: discover the answer
A sentence has an abstract category dubbed “Infl,” which indicates the tense. Because Infl, like all heads, is obligatory, this automatically accounts for the fact that all sentences of English have tense.
Sometimes, an actual word can appear in the Infl position. Auxiliary verbs may be in the head position of sentences and are thus treated as an instance of the Infl category.
Sentences, thus, have Infl as their head and that Infl may be realized as either a tense label or an auxiliary.
to read more, click the link below...
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_38cq2thbhq
There is no construction like usual phrase with head, specifier and complement.
I take the umbrella
NP VP
But?
I will take the umbrella
S = NP + Inflection (Infl) + VP
Inflection : tense marker or auxiliary verb
A scientist discovered the answer
NP: A scientist, Inf: past, and VP: discover the answer
A sentence has an abstract category dubbed “Infl,” which indicates the tense. Because Infl, like all heads, is obligatory, this automatically accounts for the fact that all sentences of English have tense.
Sometimes, an actual word can appear in the Infl position. Auxiliary verbs may be in the head position of sentences and are thus treated as an instance of the Infl category.
Sentences, thus, have Infl as their head and that Infl may be realized as either a tense label or an auxiliary.
to read more, click the link below...
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_38cq2thbhq
Saussure’s Principles of Phonology in Course in General Linguistics
Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) is a summary of his lectures at the University of Geneva from 1906 to 1911.
Saussure examines the relationship between speech and the evolution of language, and investigates language as a structured system of signs.
to read more
click the link below
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_23gbccrrgp
Saussure examines the relationship between speech and the evolution of language, and investigates language as a structured system of signs.
to read more
click the link below
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_23gbccrrgp
Transformation: Noam Chomsky
Reaction to Structuralism
A part of structuralism leads to the emergence of behaviorism, with the emphasis on the habit nature of language.
nChomsky challenges the behaviorist to train his chimpanzee to talk as denial for the drill and practice approach which is regarded to be the only factor to the language competence on human being.
for more...
click the link below
http://docs.google.com/present/edit?id=0AaFm-5Zwzv6lZHd0OGNyc180MWdncDVydmYz&hl=en
A part of structuralism leads to the emergence of behaviorism, with the emphasis on the habit nature of language.
nChomsky challenges the behaviorist to train his chimpanzee to talk as denial for the drill and practice approach which is regarded to be the only factor to the language competence on human being.
for more...
click the link below
http://docs.google.com/present/edit?id=0AaFm-5Zwzv6lZHd0OGNyc180MWdncDVydmYz&hl=en
Rabu, 17 Maret 2010
Syntax 1-1
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_1g7974ngg&autoStart=true&loop=true
SYNTAX 1
Perspectives:
Next…
Model Analysis
Structural Tradition
• Structural tradition is set, by the new paradigm in seeing the language phenomenon. Owing to Durkheim in the way looking at the social realities scientifically, Saussure comes to an awareness that people should see the nature of “language science” in different way, than the natural science does.
• Ferdinand de Saussure
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_19c8gh7mct&autoStart=true
• He is the father of “Structuralism” and “Modern Linguistics.”
• Language is an arbitrary sign system approved conventionally.
• Structural tradition starts their analysis on the morphology level. Eugene Nida’s book “Morphology, the Descriptive Analysis of Words” is a big contribution to lay the principles of morphological analysis on various language data.
Immediate Constituent (IC-cutting)
• IC (“unsur langsung”) refers to the units (usually a pair of units) which immediately make up the structure.
• There are 4 models of IC structure analysis, i.e. Nida, Hockett, Nelson, and Wells.
• The principle among the four is just the same; the difference is only on their symbols of cutting.
• For example : “the smart students”
• First, we should identify the pair constituting the structure, “the” and “smart students”
• Then, another structure should be separated to result in “smart” and “students.”
SYNTAX 1
Perspectives:
Next…
Model Analysis
Structural Tradition
• Structural tradition is set, by the new paradigm in seeing the language phenomenon. Owing to Durkheim in the way looking at the social realities scientifically, Saussure comes to an awareness that people should see the nature of “language science” in different way, than the natural science does.
• Ferdinand de Saussure
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dwt8crs_19c8gh7mct&autoStart=true
• He is the father of “Structuralism” and “Modern Linguistics.”
• Language is an arbitrary sign system approved conventionally.
• Structural tradition starts their analysis on the morphology level. Eugene Nida’s book “Morphology, the Descriptive Analysis of Words” is a big contribution to lay the principles of morphological analysis on various language data.
Immediate Constituent (IC-cutting)
• IC (“unsur langsung”) refers to the units (usually a pair of units) which immediately make up the structure.
• There are 4 models of IC structure analysis, i.e. Nida, Hockett, Nelson, and Wells.
• The principle among the four is just the same; the difference is only on their symbols of cutting.
• For example : “the smart students”
• First, we should identify the pair constituting the structure, “the” and “smart students”
• Then, another structure should be separated to result in “smart” and “students.”
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